Vaccination-targeted infectious diseases

Objective

To prevent the occurrence and spread of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, prevent severe complications and deaths, secure diagnostic immunity for protection of vulnerable populations, thereby promoting public health and preventing community transmission

Direction

Operation of a comprehensive surveillance system for vaccine-preventable infectious diseases
Epidemiological investigation and patient management of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases
Maintenance of measles and rubella elimination certification, and poliomyelitis eradication certification

Reporting and Notification System for Infectious Diseases

This diagram explains the reporting and notification system among patients, medical institutions, public health centers, public health and environment research institutes, provincial/metropolitan health departments, regional centers for disease response, and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) when an infectious disease occurs.

1. Patients and suspected cases visit a medical institution when symptoms appear. The medical institution collects specimens and conducts isolation and treatment, while simultaneously reporting the occurrence of the infectious disease to the city/county/district public health center.
2. City/County/District Public Health Centers conduct contact tracing, epidemiological investigations, and education on transmission prevention. They also send specimens to public health and environment research institutes for testing and receive the test results.
3. Public Health and Environment Research Institutes receive test requests from public health centers and report the test results back to the public health centers. The results are also reported to the KDCA.
4. City/County/District Public Health Centers simultaneously report infectious disease notifications and test results to provincial/metropolitan health departments and regional centers for disease response.
5. Provincial/Metropolitan Health Departments and Regional Centers for Disease Response consolidate the situation and forward it to the KDCA.
6. The KDCA ultimately reviews and manages all data and, when necessary, notifies relevant institutions (public health centers, provincial/metropolitan health departments, medical institutions, etc.) of response measures.

Overall, the system operates in a cyclical structure: patient occurrence → reporting by medical institutions and specimen testing → confirmation of results between public health centers and research institutes → reporting to higher-level authorities → management and response notification by the KDCA.

Operation of a Comprehensive Surveillance System

Reporting scope of vaccine-targeted infectious diseases

Reporting scope of vaccine-targeted infectious diseases - Disease Reporting Scope, Cases, Suspected Cases, Pathogen Carriers Table
Disease		Reporting Scope
Disease		Cases	Suspected Cases	Pathogen Carriers
Diphtheria		○	○	×
Varicella		○	○	×
Measles		○	○	×
Pertussis		○	○	×
Epidemic parotitis		○	○	×
Rubella	Congenital	○	○	×
Rubella	Acquired	○	○	×
Poliomyelitis		○	○	×
Haemophilus influenzae type b		○	○	×
Pneumococcal infection		○	○	×
Tetanus		○	×	×

Current Status of Occurrence

Table 3 | Current Status of Occurrence(2013-2024)

(unit：person)

Year, Name of Infectious Disease Table
Year Name of Infectious Disease	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Diphtheria	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Varicella1)	37,361	44,450	46,330	54,060	80,092	96,467	82,868	31,430	20,929	18,547	26,964	31,892
Measles	107	442	7	18	7	15	194	6	0	0	8	49
Pertussis	36	88	205	129	318	980	496	123	21	31	292	48,048
Epidemic parotitis	17,024	25,286	23,448	17,057	16,924	19,237	15,967	9,922	9,708	6,358	7,737	6,425
Rubella	18	11	11	11	7	0	8	2	0	0	0	0
Poliomyelitis	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Haemophilus influenzae type b2)	0	0	0	0	3	2	0	1	1	1	1	1
Pneumococcal infection3)	-	36	228	441	523	670	526	345	269	347	431	451
Tetanus	22	23	22	24	34	31	31	30	21	23	24	29

Incubation Period, Infectious Period, and Patient Management Methods

Category, Infectious Disease, Incubation Period, Infectious Period, Type of Management,Isolation (Precaution) Period Table
Category	Infectious Disease		Incubation Period	Infectious Period	Type of Management	Isolation (Precaution) Period
1	Diphtheria		1–10 days (Average: 2–5 days)	If untreated, bacteria may be shed for 2–6 weeks.	Standard Precautions Droplet Precautions (Cutaneous Diphtheria: Contact Precautions)	Until two consecutive negative results are confirmed from culture tests* performed at intervals of at least 24 hours after more than 24 hours have elapsed since the completion of antibiotic treatment. Nasal, oropharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal swab specimens (In cases where culture testing is not feasible) For the required 14 days of appropriate antibiotic treatment
2	Varicella		10–21 days (Average: 14–16 days)	From 1–2 days before the onset of rash until all skin lesions have formed crusts	Standard Precautions Airborne Precautions Contact Precautions	Until all skin lesions have formed crusts (for at least 5 days after rash onset) In individuals with a history of varicella vaccination, f only macules and papules develop without crust formation, isolation should continue until no new skin lesions appear for 24 hours. If a mother developed varicella within 3 weeks before delivery nd the newborn is hospitalized, isolation should continue until 21 days after birth (until 28 days if immunoglobulin has been administered)
2	Measles		7–21 days (Average: 10–12 days)	From 4 days before rash onset until 4 days after	Standard Precautions Airborne Precautions	Until the 4th day after rash onset
2	Pertussis		4–21 days (Average: 7–10 days)	At least 3 weeks after onset, until coughing stops (Until the 5th day after initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy)	Standard Precautions Droplet Precautions	Until the 5th day after initiation of appropriate antibiotic therapy If untreated, at least until coughing stops t least 3 weeks
2	Epidemic parotitis		12–25 days (Average: 16–18 days)	From 3 days before to 5 days after the onset of parotitis	Standard Precautions Droplet Precautions	Until the 5th day after the onset of parotitis
2	Rubella	Congenital	-	During the period when the virus is shed in bodily fluids	Standard Precautions Contact Precautions (Avoid contact with pregnant women)	Until 1 year of age (until 3 years of age in cases of congenital cataract surgery) Until two consecutive negative results are confirmed from virus culture* tests performed at 1-month intervals after 3 months of age * At each testing, collect both respiratory and urine specimens
2	Rubella	Acquired	12–23 days (Average: 14 days)	From 7 days before rash onset until 7 days after	Standard Precautions Droplet Precautions	Until the 7th day after rash onset Avoid contact with pregnant women
2	Poliomyelitis		3–35 days	From 11 days before symptom onset until 6 weeks after	Standard Precautions Contact Precautions	Until two consecutive negative results are confirmed from virus isolation and culture tests of stool specimens performed at 1-week intervals
2	Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib)		2~10 days	As long as the bacteria are present in respiratory secretions	Standard Precautions Droplet Precautions	Until 24 hours after initiation of antibiotic (injectable) therapy
2	Pneumococcal infection		1∼3days	As long as the bacteria are present in respiratory secretions	Standard Precautions	Until 24 hours after initiation of antibiotic (injectable) therapy (apply droplet precautions if there is evidence of transmission within the patient care area/facility)
3	Tetanus		3~21 days (Average: 7 days)	(No human-to-human transmission)	Standard Precautions	Not applicable

Vaccination

Name of Infectious Disease, Vaccination, Pediatric, Adult Table
Name of Infectious Disease	Vaccination
Name of Infectious Disease	Pediatric	Adult
Diphtheria Pertussis	Administration of the DTaP vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 15–18 months of age, and at 4–6 years of age Booster vaccination with Tdap at 11–12 years of age Thereafter, a booster vaccination every 10 years (Td or Tdap vaccine)	In cases with no prior vaccination history, 1st–2nd dose: Two doses administered at a minimum interval of 4 weeks 3rd dose Administer the next dose 6–12 months later after the 2nd dose (Among the total of 3 doses, one should be administered with the Tdap vaccine)*Schedule varies depending on age and vaccination history
Tetanus	Administration of the DTaP vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 15–18 months of age, and at 4–6 years of age Booster vaccination with Tdap at 11–12 years of age Thereafter, a booster vaccination every 10 years (Td or Tdap vaccine)	In cases with no prior vaccination history, 1st–2nd dose: Two doses administered at a minimum interval of 4 weeks 3rd dose Administer the next dose 6–12 months after the 2nd dose (Among the total of 3 doses, one should be administered with the Tdap vaccine) *Schedule varies depending on age and vaccination history
Measles Epidemic parotitis Rubella	Two doses of MMR vaccine 1st dose: At 12–15 months of age 2nd dose At 4–6 years of age	Adults without evidence of immunity should receive at least one dose *Measles: Individuals born before December 31, 1967, do not require vaccination (except for healthcare workers)
Poliomyelitis	A total of 4 doses(At 2, 4, 6–18 months, and 4–6 years of age)	Not routinely recommended for the general adult population; however, high-risk individuals without prior vaccination should receive a total of 3 doses (2nd dose administered 1–2 months after the 1st, and 3rd dose administered 6–12 months after the 2nd). *Schedule varies depending on age and vaccination history
Varicella	A single dose (at 12–15 months of age) *For individuals aged 13 years and older, two doses administered at 4–8 week intervals	Two doses administered at 4–8 week intervals
Haemophilus type b	A total of 4 doses(At 2, 4, 6, and 12–15 months of age) *The recommended number of doses varies depending on the age at which vaccination is initiated.	Not routinely recommended for the general adult population; however, vaccination may be considered for high-risk groups.
Pneumococcal infection	A total of 4 doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)(At 2, 4, 6, and 12–15 months of age) *The recommended number of doses varies depending on the age at which vaccination is initiated.	A single dose of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) for adults aged 65 years and older

Maintenance of Measles and Rubella Elimination Eertification and Poliomyelitis Eradication Certification

(Background) Continued operation of the surveillance system following WHO certification as an elimination/eradication country and maintenance of elimination/eradication status through international cooperation

(Measles and Rubella) Comprehensive case classification of reported cases and submission of WHO monthly reports (monthly), convening of the National Verification Committee for Measles and Rubella, and submission of the WHO elimination certification annual report (annually)
(Polio) Operation of the acute flaccid paralysis surveillance system for early detection of polio and conducting polio testing for all reported cases, convening of the National Certification Committee of Polio Eradication, and submission of the WHO eradication certification annual report (annually)

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